]> Somos, Inc.

US chris@appliedbits.com

Somos, Inc.

US robjsliwa@gmail.com

TransNexus

US alec.fenichel@transnexus.com

Twilio

US vanilgaikwad@twilio.com

Applications and Real-Time Secure Telephone Identity Revisited stir certificates delegate certificates This document describes a framework for the use of the Certificate Transparency (CT) protocol for publicly logging the existence of Secure Telephone Identity (STI) certificates as they are issued or observed. This allows any interested party that is part of the STI eco-system to audit STI certification authority (CA) activity and audit both the issuance of suspect certificates and the certificate logs themselves. The intent is for the establishment of a level of trust in the STI eco-system that depends on the verification of telephone numbers requiring and refusing to honor STI certificates that do not appear in a established log. This effectively establishes the precedent that STI CAs must add all issued certificates to the logs and thus establishes unique association of STI certificates to an authorized provider or assignee of a telephone number resource. The primary role of CT in the STI ecosystem is for verifiable trust in the avoidance of issuance of unauthorized duplicate telephone number level delegate certificates or provider level certificates. This provides a robust auditable mechanism for the detection of unauthorized creation of certificate credentials for illegitimate spoofing of telephone numbers. The latest revision of this draft can be found at . Status information for this document may be found at . Discussion of this document takes place on the Secure Telephone Identity Revisited Working Group mailing list (), which is archived at . Subscribe at . Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at .

Introduction Certificate Transparency (CT) aims to mitigate the problem of misissued certificates by providing append-only logs of issued certificates. The logs do not themselves prevent misissuance, but ensure that interested parties (particularly those named in certificates or certificate chains) can detect such misissuance. describes the core protocols and mechanisms for use of CT for the purposes of public TLS server certificates associated with a domain name as part of the public domain name system (DNS). This document describes the direct use of the same fundamental protocols and processes of certificate transparency but applies them to Secure Telephone Identity (STI) certificates and delegate certificates . Telephone numbers (TNs) and their management and assignment by telephone service providers and Responsible Organizations (RespOrgs) for toll-free numbers share many similarities to the Domain Name System (DNS) where there is a global uniqueness and established association of telephone numbers to regulatory jurisdictions that manage the allocation and assignment of telephone numbers under country codes and a set of numeric digits for routing telephone calls and messages over telephone networks. STI Certificates use a TNAuthList extension defined in to specifically associate either telephone service providers or telephone numbers to the issuance of STI certificates and certificate change that are intended to represent the authorized right to use a telephone number. This trusted association can be establish via mechanisms such as Authority tokens for TNAuthList defined in . Certificate transparency is generally meant to provide a publically verifiable and auditable representation of the creation of certificates in order to establish transparency and trust to interested parties as part of a stir related eco-system. There is three primary actors in the certificate transparency framework. There is the STI Certification Authorities (CAs) that submit all certificates to be issued to one or more log services. The log services are network services that implement the protocol operations for submissions of STI certificates and subsequent queries. They are hosted by interested parties in the STI ecosystem and can accept certificate log submissions from any other CA participant. Monitors play the role of monitoring the CT logs to check for potential misissuance as well as auditing of the log services. This role can be played by any STI ecosystem participant interested in the trust of the ecosystem or the integrity of the telephone number or provider level certificates produced in the eco-system. The details that follow in this document will try to provide a high level overview of the use of Certificate Transparency for STI certificates. It will provide only the necessary details related to STI certificates. The details of the use of Merkel Tree and API interfaces largely follow the protocols defined in and only when there is specific details and differences to will that be noted and defined in this document. This general mechanism could also be used for transparently logging other important stir related metadata associations perhaps via JWTClaimConstraints defined in and or other ways defined in potential future extensions of this document.

Conventions and Definitions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

The Use of Certificate Transparency for STI Certificates Each log contains certificate chains, which can be submitted by any CA authorized in the stir eco-system. It is expected that these CAs will contribute all their newly issued certificates to one or more logs. Note, in it is possible for certificate holders to directly contribute their own certificate chains or interested third parties, however because in stir eco-systems that generally consist of regulated entities or are authorized to be assigned telephone number resources, this does not seem to be a likely scenario. Generally, many stir eco-systems have a controlled set of CAs that are authorized to participate as valid trust anchors. It is required that each chain ends with a trust anchor that is accepted by the log which would include those authorized trust anchors or a subset of them. When a chain is accepted by a log, a signed timestamp is returned, which is later used to provide evidence to STIR verification services (VS), defined in , that the chain has been submitted. A VS can thus require that all certificates they accept as valid are accompanied by signed timestamps. Those concerned about misissuance of stir certificates can monitor the logs, asking them regularly for all new entries, and can thus check whether the providers or telephone numbers for which they are responsible have had certificates issued that they did not expect. What they do with this information, particularly when they find that a misissuance has happened, is beyond the scope of this document. However, broadly speaking, because many existing STI ecosystems have a connection to regulated and industry environments that govern the issuance of STI certificates, they can invoke existing mechanisms for dealing with issues such as misissued certificates, such as working with the CA to get the certificate revoked or with maintainers of trust anchor lists to get the CA removed.

Submitters Submitters submit certificates or preannouncements of certificates prior to issuance (precertificates) to logs for public auditing. In order to enable attribution of each logged certificate or precertificate to its issuer, each submission MUST be accompanied by all additional certificates required to verify the chain up to an accepted trust anchor. The trust anchor (a root or intermediate CA certificate) MAY be omitted from the submission. If a log accepts a submission, it will return a Signed Certificate Timestamp (SCT) (see Section 4.8 ). The submitter SHOULD validate the returned SCT, as described in Section 8.1 of , if they understand its format and they intend to use it to construct an STI certificate.

Certificates Any entity can submit a certificate (Section 5.1 of ) to a log. Since it is anticipated that verification services could reject certificates that are not logged, it is expected that certificate issuers and subjects will be strongly motivated to submit them. Author note: consider the exclusive use of precertificates, so this section may not be needed

Precertificates CAs may preannounce a certificate prior to issuance by submitting a precertificate (Section 5.1 of ) that the log can use to create an entry that will be valid against the issued certificate. If the CA is submitting the precertificate to only one log, it MUST incorporate the returned SCT in the issued certificate. The returned SCT MAY not be incorporated in the issued certificate is when a CA sends the precertificate to multiple logs and only incorporates the SCTs that are returned first. A precertificate is a CMS signed-data object that conforms to the profile detailed in Section 3.2 of .

Log Format and Operation A log is a single, append-only Merkle Tree of submitted certificate entries. Log procedures MUST follow log format and operation procedures defined in Section 4 of . Author note: Do we need a separate IANA registry for Log OIDs specific to STI eco-system?

Log Client Messages Log Client Messages and API MUST follow same protocols, formats and procedures as described in Section 5 of

STIR Authentication Services STIR Authentication Services MUST present on or more SCTs from one or more logs by the inclusion of the stir certificate that has CT information encoded as an extension in the X.509v3 certificate (see Section 7.1.2 of ).

STI Certification Authorities A certification authority MUST include a Transparency Information X.509v3 extension in a certificate. All included SCTs and inclusion proofs MUST be for a precertificate that corresponds to this certificate.

Clients There are various different functions clients of logs might perform. In this document, the client generally refers to the STI verification service defined in , or more generally an entity that performs the verification of a PASSporT defined in . We describe here some typical clients and how they should function.

STI Verification Service

Receiving SCTs When a STIR Verification Service receives a signed PASSporT referencing a stir certificate, the verification service should check that the certificate has CT information encoded as an extension and that is a valid signed SCT or multiple SCTs.

Reconstructing the TBSCertificate Validation of an SCT for a certificate (where the type of the TransItem is x509_sct_v2) uses the unmodified TBSCertificate component of the certificate. Before an SCT for a precertificate (where the type of the TransItem is precert_sct_v2) can be validated, the TBSCertificate component of the precertificate needs to be reconstructed from the TBSCertificate component of the certificate as follows: Remove the Transparency Information extension (see Section 7.1 of ).

Validating SCTs In order to make use of a received SCT, the STI Verification Service MUST first validate it as follows: Compute the signature input by constructing a TransItem of type x509_entry_v2, depending on the SCT's TransItem type. The TimestampedCertificateEntryDataV2 structure is constructed in the following manner: timestamp is copied from the SCT. tbs_certificate is the reconstructed TBSCertificate portion of the server certificate, as described in Section 8.1.2 of . issuer_key_hash is computed as described in Section 4.7 of . sct_extensions is copied from the SCT. Verify the SCT's signature against the computed signature input using the public key of the corresponding log, which is identified by the log_id. The required signature algorithm is one of the log's parameters. Note that SCT validation is not a substitute for the normal validation of the server certificate and its chain.

Monitor Monitors watch logs to check for correct behavior, for certificates of interest, or for both. For example, a monitor may be configured to report on all certificates that apply to a specific domain name when fetching new entries for consistency validation. A monitor MUST at least inspect every new entry in every log it watches, and it MAY also choose to keep copies of entire logs. To inspect all of the existing entries, the monitor SHOULD follow the steps detailed in Section 8.2 of .

Auditing Auditing ensures that the current published state of a log is reachable from previously published states that are known to be good and that the promises made by the log, in the form of SCTs, have been kept. Audits are performed by monitors or STI Verification Services.

Security Considerations TODO Security

IANA Considerations This document has no IANA actions, yet.

This document describes the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS). This syntax is used to digitally sign, digest, authenticate, or encrypt arbitrary message content. [STANDARDS-TRACK] The baseline security mechanisms in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) are inadequate for cryptographically assuring the identity of the end users that originate SIP requests, especially in an interdomain context. This document defines a mechanism for securely identifying originators of SIP requests. It does so by defining a SIP header field for conveying a signature used for validating the identity and for conveying a reference to the credentials of the signer. This document obsoletes RFC 4474. This document defines a method for creating and validating a token that cryptographically verifies an originating identity or, more generally, a URI or telephone number representing the originator of personal communications. The Personal Assertion Token, PASSporT, is cryptographically signed to protect the integrity of the identity of the originator and to verify the assertion of the identity information at the destination. The cryptographic signature is defined with the intention that it can confidently verify the originating persona even when the signature is sent to the destination party over an insecure channel. PASSporT is particularly useful for many personal-communications applications over IP networks and other multi-hop interconnection scenarios where the originating and destination parties may not have a direct trusted relationship. In order to prevent the impersonation of telephone numbers on the Internet, some kind of credential system needs to exist that cryptographically asserts authority over telephone numbers. This document describes the use of certificates in establishing authority over telephone numbers, as a component of a broader architecture for managing telephone numbers as identities in protocols like SIP. The Secure Telephone Identity Revisited (STIR) certificate profile provides a way to attest authority over telephone numbers and related identifiers for the purpose of preventing telephone number spoofing. This specification details how that authority can be delegated from a parent certificate to a subordinate certificate. This supports a number of use cases, including those where service providers grant credentials to enterprises or other customers capable of signing calls with STIR. RFC 8226 specifies the use of certificates for Secure Telephone Identity Credentials; these certificates are often called "Secure Telephone Identity Revisited (STIR) Certificates". RFC 8226 provides a certificate extension to constrain the JSON Web Token (JWT) claims that can be included in the Personal Assertion Token (PASSporT), as defined in RFC 8225. If the PASSporT signer includes a JWT claim outside the constraint boundaries, then the PASSporT recipient will reject the entire PASSporT. This document updates RFC 8226; it provides all of the capabilities available in the original certificate extension as well as an additional way to constrain the allowable JWT claims. The enhanced extension can also provide a list of claims that are not allowed to be included in the PASSporT. This document describes version 2.0 of the Certificate Transparency (CT) protocol for publicly logging the existence of Transport Layer Security (TLS) server certificates as they are issued or observed, in a manner that allows anyone to audit certification authority (CA) activity and notice the issuance of suspect certificates as well as to audit the certificate logs themselves. The intent is that eventually clients would refuse to honor certificates that do not appear in a log, effectively forcing CAs to add all issued certificates to the logs. This document obsoletes RFC 6962. It also specifies a new TLS extension that is used to send various CT log artifacts. Logs are network services that implement the protocol operations for submissions and queries that are defined in this document. This document defines a profile of the Automated Certificate Management Environment (ACME) Authority Token for the automated and authorized creation of certificates for Voice over IP (VoIP) telephone providers to support Secure Telephone Identity (STI) using the TNAuthList defined by STI certificates. In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. RFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings.

Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the authors and contributors to the protocols and ideas around Certificate Transparency which sets the basis for the STI eco-system to adopt in a very straight forward way, providing trust and transparency in the telephone number world.